C’est une avancée considérable que vient de réaliser Sao Tomé. Dans ce pays d’Afrique, le paludisme a considérablement reculé et n’est plus une infection meurtrière. Grâce aux dispositions prises par le gouvernement, désormais, personne ne meurt du paludisme à Sao Tomé.
Il y a 20 ans, le paludisme était endémique dans ce pays d’Afrique. Sao Tomé est ainsi devenue une exception en Afrique centrale, où la prévalence de la maladie potentiellement mortelle propagée par des moustiques femelles infectés est parmi les plus fortes du monde.
L’Afrique subsaharienne compte pour une part importante et disproportionnée de la charge mondiale du paludisme. En 2015, on dénombrait 90% des cas de paludisme et 92% des décès dus à la maladie dans cette région. Les enfants de moins de 5 ans sont particulièrement vulnérables, représentant environ 70% de l’ensemble des décès dus au paludisme.
«Notre dernier mort a été enregistré en 2016. C’était un Portugais qui avait négligé les mesures de prévention et de traitement contre la maladie.» – Hamilton Nascimento, coordonnateur du Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme (PNLP) à Sao Tomé
Pour arriver au même niveau de performance que Sao Tomé, les autres pays d’Afrique subsaharienne ont besoin de financement. Et aujourd’hui, obtenir des moyens conséquents et suffisants pour la lutte antipaludique constitue un problème. En dépit de la nette augmentation des investissements mondiaux en faveur de cette lutte entre 2000 et 2010, le financement stagne depuis cette période. En 2015, le financement de la lutte antipaludique atteignait un total de 2,9 milliards de dollars, soit 45% seulement de l’objectif intermédiaire pour 2020 en matière de financement (6,4 milliards de dollars).
Sao Tomé a développé une véritable stratégie pour encadrer les personnes qui souffrent du paludisme. Les autorités agissent à trois niveaux : d’abord la pulvérisation dans les maisons, ensuite la distribution de moustiquaires imprégnées et enfin la lutte contre les larves grâce à un insecticide biologique que l’on propage dans les eaux stagnantes. En plus, la population du pays bénéficie de médicaments antipaludéens gratuits.
«Les malades sont pris en charge dans tous les centres de santé et des médicaments sont accessibles partout dans le pays» – Hamilton Nascimento, coordonnateur du Programme national de lutte contre le paludisme (PNLP) à Sao Tomé
La stratégie de Sao Tomé a consisté à se doter de plus de moyens pour rendre le paludisme moins grave. Selon l’OMS, d’autres pays comme le Maroc, l’Algérie, le Swaziland, le Botswana, l’Afrique du Sud, le Cap Vert ou les Comores pourront éradiquer le paludisme d’ici 2020.
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