Le miel est le plus ancien édulcorant de l’humanité et pendant des milliers d’années, c’était aussi le seul. Des indices indirects sur l’importance des abeilles et des produits de la ruche sont fournis par les pétroglyphes préhistoriques de divers continents, créés il y a entre 8 000 et 40 000 ans. Les reliefs égyptiens antiques indiquent la pratique de l’apiculture dès 2600 ans avant notre ère.
Mais pour l’Afrique subsaharienne, les preuves archéologiques directes ont fait défaut jusqu’à présent. L’analyse des résidus chimiques des aliments dans les tessons de poterie a fondamentalement modifié le tableau. Les archéologues de l’Université Goethe, en coopération avec des chimistes de l’Université de Bristol, ont pu identifier des résidus de cire d’abeille dans des tessons de poterie vieux de 3500 ans de la culture Nok.
La culture Nok dans le centre du Nigéria date entre 1500 avant notre ère et le début de l’ère commune. Elle est particulièrement connue pour ses sculptures élaborées en terre cuite. Ces sculptures représentent le plus ancien art figuratif d’Afrique. Jusqu’à il y a quelques années, le contexte social dans lequel ces sculptures avaient été créées était totalement inconnu. Dans un projet financé par la Fondation allemande pour la recherche, les scientifiques de l’Université Goethe étudient la culture Nok sous toutes ses facettes archéologiques depuis plus de douze ans.
En plus du modèle de peuplement, de la chronologie et de la signification des sculptures en terre cuite, la recherche s’est également concentrée sur l’environnement, la subsistance et l’alimentation.
Pot de miel de 3500 ans durant l’ère de la culture Nok
Les habitants de la culture Nok avaient-ils des animaux domestiques ou étaient-ils des chasseurs ? Les archéologues utilisent généralement des os d’animaux provenant de fouilles pour répondre à ces questions. Mais que faire si le sol est si acide ? Que les os ne sont pas préservés, comme c’est le cas dans la région de Nok ?
L’analyse des résidus alimentaires moléculaires dans la poterie ouvre de nouvelles possibilités. En effet, la transformation de produits végétaux et animaux dans des pots en argile libère des composés chimiques stables. En particulier des acides gras (lipides). Ceux-ci peuvent être conservés dans les pores des parois des vaisseaux pendant des milliers d’années. Ils peuvent être détectés à l’aide de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse.
À la grande surprise des chercheurs, ils ont découvert de nombreux autres composants en plus des restes d’animaux sauvages. Cette découverte a considérablement élargi le spectre précédemment connu d’animaux et de plantes utilisés. Il y a une créature en particulier à laquelle ils ne s’attendaient pas : l’abeille domestique. Un tiers des fragments examinés contenait des lipides de poids moléculaire élevé, typiques de la cire d’abeille.
Il n’est pas possible de reconstituer à partir des lipides quels produits apicoles ont été utilisés par les gens de la culture Nok. Très probablement, ils ont séparé le miel des rayons cireux en les chauffant dans les pots. Mais il est également concevable que le miel ait été transformé avec d’autres matières premières d’origine animale ou végétale, ou qu’ils fabriquent de l’hydromel.
La cire elle-même aurait pu servir à des fins techniques ou médicales. Une autre possibilité est l’utilisation de pots en argile comme ruches, comme cela est pratiqué à ce jour dans les sociétés africaines traditionnelles.
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