L’île de Madagascar possède une particularité que l’on ne retrouve quasiment dans aucun autre pays du monde. En effet, bien que l’on dénombre 18 tribus traditionnelles sur la grande île, la diversité n’y est pas pour autant d’ordre racial, mais plutôt géographique. Le métissage entre des peuples d’Afrique, d’Asie, d’Orient et d’Arabie se retrouve en chaque groupe, définissant ainsi une origine commune pour toutes ces ethnies. Cet amalgame culturel et ethnique fait la beauté du peuple malgache avec ses traits physiques si caractéristiques.
La population de Madagascar a été composée à ses origines par des peuples originaires de l’Indonésie, puis par des Austronésiens et des Bantous. Il existe cependant une diversité manifeste entre les peuples des hautes terres et ceux des côtes qui composent les 18 ethnies malgaches. On les différencie grâce à des appellations simplistes qui résument leurs origines ou leurs particularités :
Antambahoaka : Descendants de Rabevahoaka, ” ceux de la communauté “. Ils vivent au sud des Betsimisaraka, jusqu’à Fort Dauphin. Leur origine arabe est indiscutable. Un éléphant de pierre qu’on peut encore admirer près du village d’Ambohitsara aurait été apporté de La Mecque par Raminia, fondateur du clan. Son fils Rabevahoaka donna son nom à tout le peuple.
Antaimoro : ” Ceux du rivage “. Ils occupent le sud des Betsimisaraka, autour de Vohipeno, où sont conservés les restes des anciens rois. Ce sont des descendants d’Arabes, avec une certaine dextérité dans leur technique de fabrication du papier, qui a franchi les limites de la grande île. Ils sont également connus pour leur pratique de divination sur les graines héritées de leurs ancêtres.
Antaifasy : ” Ceux du sable “. Ils sont groupés autour de la ville de Farafangana, au nord de Fort Dauphin et possèdent une loi tribale très stricte. On ne connaît pas vraiment leurs origines.
Antaisaka (ou Antaisakalava) : ” Ceux qui viennent des Sakalava “. Ils vivent au sud des Antaifasy, près de Fort Dauphin. L’histoire raconte que le prince Sakalava Andriamandresy aurait quitté sa région pour venir fonder un nouveau royaume ici. Ils se révoltèrent en 1852 contre leurs occupants Merina, qui durent établir un gouvernement plus souple.

Antandroy : ” Ceux du pays des épines “. Ainsi nommés en raison de l’abondance des cactus dans cette partie du sud-est de l’île. La légende raconte que leur ancêtre serait Raminia, un arabe débarqué sur la grande île entre le Ve et le VIIe siècle. On retrouve d’ailleurs chez cette ethnie des traits arabisants. Ils sont également férus d’astrologie et de divination, culture qu’ils ont su garder intacte du fait de l’inhospitalité de cette région difficile d’accès. Ils obéissent à des règles traditionnelles et spirituelles très strictes.
Antankarana : ” Ceux de l’Ankarana, du pays rocheux “. Ils vivent tout au nord de l’île, du cap d’Ambre au fleuve Sambirano. C’est un mélange de Sakalava et de Betsimisaraka. Très fortement influencés par l’islam, ils croient cependant aux divinités naturelles (arbre, plante, montagne, eau…).
Antanosy : ” Ceux de l’île “. Il s’agit d’une puissante tribu qui occupe la région autour de Fort Dauphin. Leur nom provient d’une île de la rivière Fanjahira, d’où étaient issus les chefs primitifs. Ce sont de bons riziculteurs et éleveurs, mais aussi des forgerons et des charpentiers.
Bara : L’origine de ce nom serait bantoue selon la légende. Ils vivent au sud des Betsileo et se divisent en clans. Leur tradition veut que les jeunes hommes doivent voler des zébus afin d’affirmer leur bravoure, avant leur mariage.
Betsileo : ” Les nombreux invincibles “. Leur capitale était Fianarantsoa et ils seraient originaires d’Indonésie. Excellents cultivateurs, on peut encore admirer leur patient travail dans les rizières en escaliers ou les longs canaux d’irrigation.
Betsimisaraka : ” Beaucoup qui ne se séparent pas “. C’est la plus grande peuplade de l’est de l’île, étendue sur tout le littoral, entre les rivières Bemarivo et Mananjary. Bons marins (ils ont longtemps lancé des expéditions contre les Comores), leur apparence physique évoque l’Afrique. Ils furent très tôt les alliés et les sujets de la France.
Bezanozano : ” Beaucoup de petites tresses “. Leur coiffure explique bien évidemment ce nom. Ils vivent dans la vallée du Mongoro, entre la grande forêt orientale et les pentes du plateau central.
Mahafaly : ” Ceux du pays tabou “. L’origine de leur nom est due au fait que leur roi Andriamaro possédait un fétiche qu’il conservait jalousement et qui empêchait les étrangers de pénétrer dans le pays. Ce sont d’excellents sculpteurs.

Merina : ” Ceux du pays où la vue est étendue “. Ils sont aussi appelés les Ambaniandro (” ceux qui sont sous le soleil “), à cause de l’aridité de leurs terres. Ils vivent sur la partie centrale des hauts plateaux, l’Imerina, autour d’Antananarivo. Auparavant, ils étaient divisés en quatre clans : les Andriana ou nobles, descendants d’immigrés javanais ; les Hova, bourgeois ou hommes libres, d’origine probablement indigène (Vazimba) ; les Mainty, ou noirs, pas encore tout à fait asservis ; et les Ondovo, esclaves..
Makoa. Ils vivent sur la côte nord-ouest près du cap Saint-André. D’origine bantoue (leurs ancêtres furent emmenés en esclavage en Afrique par des Arabes négriers), leur profil africain est assez marqué. On les regroupe parfois sous la dénomination générique ” Sakalava “.
Sakalava : ” Ceux des longues vallées “. Ils vivent le long de la côte occidentale. Cet immense pays couvre environ le quart de Madagascar. Une légende rapporte que le fondateur de cette peuplade était un étranger blanc, probablement un Arabe, venu de l’Isaka au XIVe siècle. Leurs chefs, ou Mpanjaka, ont encore un rôle prépondérant dans la communauté.
Sihanaka : ” Ceux des marais “. Leur territoire s’étend dans le Nord-Est, autour du lac Alaotra, jusqu’au fleuve Mangoro. Probables descendants des Antaisaka et soumis rapidement aux Merina, ils en ont aussi subi les influences, tant spirituelles que physiologiques. Ce sont de bons riziculteurs et pêcheurs.
Tanala : ” Ceux de la forêt “. Comme leur nom l’indique, ils vivent au cœur de la grande forêt orientale, près de Ranomafana. Ils pratiquent la culture du riz sur brûlis. Leurs anciens souverains étaient probablement d’origine arabe. Leur résistance contre l’armée de Radama Ier est fameuse dans le pays.

Tsimihety : ” Ceux qui ne se coupent pas les cheveux “. Ainsi nommés parce que, contrairement à l’usage commun, ils ne se rasaient pas la tête en signe de deuil. Ils vivent sur la partie nord des hauts plateaux.
Toutes ces ethnies qui composent la diversité de Madagascar vivent sur des territoires différents avec des mœurs divergentes. Elles partagent toutefois une même coutume qui revêt une importance capitale et qui fait la singularité de Madagascar.
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