Le Cameroun tire sa culture littéraire d’une riche tradition orale qui reflète son attachement à son histoire. À l’origine, les poètes récitaient leurs vers en s’accompagnant d’instruments comme le mvet, une sorte de harpe de 4 à 7 cordes. Ils étaient qualifiés de troubadours, et ce jusqu’à l’accession au trône du roi Njoya, à la fin du XIXe siècle, qui fût l’un des premiers à rédiger ses textes sur papier.
Les premiers écrits recensés au Cameroun ont été rédigés dans des langues locales. Il s’agit notamment du Die Jaunde, texte en allemand et en ewondo publié en 1913 par Charles Atangana ou de Sa’angan, du sultan Njoya, qui inventa l’alphabet bamoun, permettant ainsi de retranscrire la tradition et l’histoire de son peuple. Le Nnango kon, un texte de fiction en langue boulou publié en 1932 et rédigé par Jean-Louis Njemba-Medou, est considéré comme la toute première fiction de la littérature camerounaise. Concrètement, ce n’est qu’avec la colonisation de la France et de l’Angleterre que le pays entrera dans la culture écrite avec de nombreuses publications qui vont se succéder.

L’après-guerre est marqué par le “courant de la négritude”, qui voit le jour en 1948 et qui est porté par de nombreux intellectuels africains. Deux jeunes poètes militent pour cette cause : Sengat Kuo et surtout Elongue Epanya, qui fut le premier à éditer ses écrits dans sa langue maternelle, le Douala, ainsi qu’en Français. Deux grands auteurs des premiers romans camerounais se distinguent largement. Mongo Beti, qui publia également sous le pseudonyme d’Eza Boto et Ferdinand Oyono qui, aujourd’hui encore, sont reconnus pour avoir été les fers de lance de la littérature camerounaise et les meilleurs ambassadeurs, tant par leur charisme que par la qualité de leurs écrits.

Après l’indépendance, les idées révolutionnaires liées au mouvement de la négritude s’essoufflent un peu. Les revendications liées à cette époque de l’histoire des pays d’Afrique noire étant en train de se résoudre, un autre genre littéraire commence à poindre tenant un peu de l’épopée. En effet, de nombreux auteurs vont s’inspirer de la tradition orale et des contes historiques. Ils connaîtront un succès immédiat auprès du public, ce qui mènera à la création de la maison d’édition CLE (Centre de littérature évangélique), dont la mission est la promotion de la littérature écrite par des Africains pour des Africains. Les auteurs de ce nouveau style traditionaliste sont Benjamin Matip, qui va obtenir un franc succès en adaptant en Français des contes traditionnels. Il est l’auteur de « Afrique nous t’ignorons » et de « Jugement suprême », une pièce de théâtre à grand succès. Le dernier auteur célèbre de ce courant est Jacques-Mariel Nzouankeu, dont les thèmes du roman « Le Souffle des ancêtres » sont inspirés des sources mystiques du folklore camerounais.
La poésie et le théâtre camerounais ont également rayonné grâce à des auteurs comme René Philombe, Okala Alane, Ernest Alima et Léon-Marie Ayissi ou encore l’abbé Charles Ngandé. Le plus célèbre est sans aucun doute Guillaume Oyono-Mbia qui fut l’auteur le plus lu des éditions CLE. Sa pièce « Trois prétendants… un mari » est considérée comme un chef-d’œuvre national et international et recevra en 1970 le prix El Hadj Ahmadou Ahidjo. Elle est l’une des seules pièces du théâtre camerounais à avoir connu du succès à la fois sur scène et en librairie.

Après une perte de vitesse dans les années 2000, la littérature camerounaise a repris du poil de la bête et recommence à proposer des écrits de qualité. Deux auteurs se distinguent, Éric Mendi, consacré aux Grands Prix des Associations Littéraires 2013 dans la catégorie Belles-Lettres pour son roman “Opération Obama” et Charles Salé, consacré aux GPAL 2014 pour «La’afal. Ils ont dit…»
Nul doute que ce pays de lettres et de culture va continuer à nous émerveiller par l’originalité de ses écrits ainsi que par la diversité à laquelle il nous a habitués.
Notre sélection de livres à découvrir :
- Eza Boto (pseudonyme emprunté par Mongo Béti) : Ville cruelle (1954)
- Philoméne Bassek : La tache de sang (1990)
- Mongo Béti : Le pauvre Christ de Bomba (1956)
- Ferdinand Oyono : Une vie de boy (1956)
- Caren Pilo : Sous le charme d’une prostituée (2009)
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