Publiée en janvier 2018, la bande dessinée Chaka, réalisée par l’illustrateur ivoirien Koffi Roger N’Guessan et le scénariste français Jean-François Chanson, s’inspire du célèbre ouvrage de Thomas Mofolo. Impulsée par le désir de raconter un destin extraordinaire, et parfois encore méconnu, d’un personnage historique africain, cette œuvre aborde également l’évolution d’un des plus grands peuples d’Afrique : les Zoulous. Pour en savoir plus sur cette initiative, nous avons échangé avec le dessinateur. Entretien.
Pouvez-vous vous présenter à nos lecteurs?
Je suis Koffi Roger N’guessan, enseignant d’Arts plastiques en Côte d’Ivoire et auteur de bandes dessinées, notamment Mille mystères d’Afrique (2013), Nouvelles d’Afrique en collectif ( mai 2014), Paris vaille que vaille (décembre 2014), Les fin limiers (2016) et tout récemment, Chaka, d’après l’oeuvre de l’auteur lesothan Thomas Mofolo.
Parlez-nous du processus de réflexion qui vous a mené, vous et Jean-François Chanson, à réaliser la BD Chaka.
Tout est parti de plusieurs motivations je pense, celles du scénariste et de l’éditeur qui voulaient, depuis quelques années, adapter l’histoire de Chaka en bande dessinée, selon la version de Thomas Mofolo, pour la collection Harmattan BD. Celle-ci édite exclusivement des histoires africaines dessinées par des auteurs africains. Le choix de Chaka se justifie par le fait qu’il soit un puissant empereur noir africain avant la colonisation et dont l’histoire extraordinaire, plus ou moins connue, pourrait encore intéresser la nouvelle génération. De mon côté, tout est parti de la lecture du scénario que m’a remis Jean-François Chanson. En dehors de la célèbre série télévisée Chaka Zulu et du poème sur la mort de Chaka de Leopold Sédar Senghor, j’ai découvert avec stupéfaction toute une autre histoire, avec des détails impressionnants et de nouveaux personnages. L’ histoire de Chaka racontée par Thomas Mofolo est une source bibliographique plus fiable, puisque l’auteur est lui-même issu d’une tribu autrefois annexée autrefois par Chaka. C’est une référence très proche de la veritable histoire des Zoulous.

L’Afrique peut se vanter d’être la terre natale de plusieurs grandes figures historiques. À vos yeux, quels sont les enseignements à tirer de l’histoire de Chaka?
L’Afrique a connu de très grandes figures historiques et emblématiques dont malheureusement les histoires sont peu enseignées donc parfois totalement méconnus. L’intérêt pour Chaka Zoulou s’inscrit dans cette idée : faire connaître notre histoire aux Africains et au reste du monde. Les enseignements de son histoire sont multiples mais le le plus important réside en l’organisation très hiérarchisée de ce peuple sur le plan politique, social, économique, culturel et religieux, selon des codes qui leur sont propres et avant tout contact avec les Occidentaux. C’est ensuite un enseignement sur la bravoure d’un personnage abandonné et rejeté mais qui a tout de même réussi à créer, en son temps, l’une des plus grandes et puissantes nations.
À quel genre de public cette BD est-elle destinée et quels sont les objectifs ?
Nous ciblons tous ceux qui ont 16 ans et plus, quel que soit le domaine d’activité. C’est une histoire qui, à première vue, montre une extrême violence parfois déconcertante, mais inhérente à toute histoire portant sur les guerres de conquête et de succession politique. En termes d’enseignements, il s’agit, entre autres, du respect de la parole donnée d’une génération à une autre avec Ding’iswayo et son successeur, de l’accomplissement d’un rêve avec peu de moyens matériels par Chaka, de la place prépondérante d’une mère dans la vie d’un enfant (le cas de Nandi), du pouvoir discrétionnaire des femmes sur les dirigeants dans nos sociétés traditionnelles, du sacrifice, de la puissance de l’amour, de la trahison, de la mégalomanie du pouvoir, de la vengeance… Chaque lecteur pourra tirer des leçons et apprécier avec beaucoup de recul certains faits politiques sous nos cieux et même ailleurs.
Vous avez traduit en images l’oeuvre de Thomas Mofolo. Pouvez-vous exprimer ce que représente pour vous la transversalité dans les arts ?
L’histoire de Chaka a fait l’objet de plusieurs productions artistiques telles que la poésie, le roman, le théâtre, le cinéma et la bande dessinée. Pour les artistes, c’ est un vaste champ d’exploitation. Le lecteur redécouvre ainsi cette histoire sous une nouvelle forme d’expression. La notion de transversalité implique la notion de complémentarité pour mieux cerner et comprendre un sujet.

Est-ce que Jean François Chanson et vous avez d’autres projets en vue (conjointement ou individuellement)?
Jean-Francois et moi ne sommes pas à notre première collaboration. Nous avons déjà travaillé sur un one shot (une histoire courte) sur l’histoire de Bouna Wade, dans le collectif Nouvelles d’Afrique, paru chez l’ Harmattan BD, en mai 2014. Après Chaka, nous voulons travailler sur une histoire qui se déroulera en Afrique de l’Ouest. Mais, actuellement, je travaille avec deux autres scénaristes sur un autre projet autour de l’histoire du thé en Afrique. Au plan local, je compte publier, avec d’auteurs auteurs, un magazine de bande dessinée, adressé à la jeunesse africaine sur des sujets qui, je l’espère, l’édifieront, la canaliseront et l’orienteront bénéfiquement. Ce serait un prolongement des thèmes abordés dans le programme du système éducatif, et même au-delà.
Le professeur malien Doulaye Konaté a déclaré :« Connaître son histoire, c’est pouvoir choisir son avenir ». Selon vous, pourquoi est-il important que les Africains s’approprient leur passé?
Le professeur Doulaye Konaté a entièrement raison sur le sujet. Connaître son histoire permet d’établir un lien entre le présent et le passé afin de mieux appréhender l’ avenir en faisant de meilleurs choix. Il est donc important de connaitre d’abord notre véritable histoire, écrite par nos historiens, avec ses échecs, ses réussites et ses modèles. Trop souvent, ce que nous savons le plus de notre histoire est dominé par l’esclavage, les invasions religieuses, la colonisation, les guerres… réduisant ainsi notre histoire à un passé peu radieux. Et pourtant, il y a l’histoire des empires mandingues, bantous, des rois, des résistants, des pharaons, révélés par les recherches de Cheikh Anta Diop, l’histoire de l’ Afrique par Joseph Ki-Zerbo, les recherches de l’ethnologue Niangoran Boua sur nos tambours et bijoux, etc. Il faut en parler, les vulgariser et les enseigner aux Africains pour qu’ils s’ approprient leur propre histoire. La bande dessinée est l’un des moyens les plus efficaces pour toucher toutes les générations, d’ici et d’ailleurs, pour que cessent les préjugés et stéréotypes sur les peuples africains dans le monde.
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