La culture kenyane a une réputation mondiale qu’elle doit beaucoup aux Massaïs. Cette société très traditionnelle séduit par son originalité et par le pittoresque de ses rites ancestraux. Possédant une pluralité d’ethnies qui vivent harmonieusement sur ce territoire de la région des Grands Lacs, le Kenya est ouvert sur le monde et attire depuis des décennies un tourisme de qualité garant d’une économie florissante.
Sur les terres africaines, les colonisateurs ont tenté par tous les moyens de supprimer plusieurs croyances séculaires. Ils sont souvent parvenus à tourner en dérision des siècles de rites traditionnels qui étaient l’essence même du sentiment d’appartenance chez certains peuples. Au Kenya, le christianisme et l’islam se sont tour à tour imposés aux autochtones, conduisant ces derniers à se braquer et à perpétuer leur religion traditionnelle en secret. Étonnamment, c’est de cette manière qu’elle a pu être conservée et se transmettre d’une génération à l’autre, donnant naissance à de nouveaux courants en quête de sens et de spiritualité. C’est surtout le cas chez les Massaïs, les Samburu, les Pokot et les Turkana.
Les religions traditionnelles sont surtout basées sur l’existence d’un Dieu unique, défini comme l’être suprême qui n’intervient pas dans le quotidien des humains. Ces derniers sont en contact avec les esprits qui sont considérés comme des intermédiaires. Il existe deux sortes d’esprits : ceux qui ne sont pas d’origine humaine, comme les esprits de la forêt ou les esprits de la mer et ceux qui, après avoir été des humains, sont devenus des «esprits ancestraux». D’autres esprits sont liés à des phénomènes naturels, comme l’esprit du tonnerre, l’esprit du vent, l’esprit de la tempête, de la pluie, etc. Il arrive quelques fois que les esprits prennent possession du corps d’un humain pour entrer directement en contact avec la communauté.

Chez les Massaïs, les rites de passage constituent l’un des aspects les plus importants de leur culture. La vie des hommes est régie en fonction des passages d’une classe d’âge à une autre, selon des rituels transmis de génération en génération : « ilayok » (enfance), « alamallengipaata » (préparation à la circoncision), « emorata » (circoncision), « ilmoran » (guerrier), « eunoto » (passage à l’âge adulte), enfin, « ilpayiani » et « olngesherr » (aîné).
Les cérémonies de l’ilmoran et de l’eunoto sont les deux étapes les plus importantes. La première se déroule juste après la circoncision : les jeunes garçons sont par la suite considérés comme des guerriers (morans). Pendant six à dix ans, ils vont vivre entre eux, à l’écart de leur famille, au sein d’une manyatta. Pendant cette période, les morans apprennent la vie en communauté, mais aussi le courage. Ils devaient auparavant tuer un lion et cette tradition, aujourd’hui interdite, est encore pratiquée exceptionnellement.
L’eunoto se déroule vers l’âge de 20 ans. La fête dure quatre jours avec danses et chants. Survient ensuite le moment de la coupe des cheveux du moran, la cérémonie du lait et la cérémonie de la viande. Devenu adulte, le jeune guerrier peut à présent se marier.
Le rite meru, consistant à l’exposition des cadavres, est très connu également. En effet, lorsqu’un homme meurt sans avoir réussi à devenir grand-père, son corps est confié au mwenjî, un être marginal, qui le dépose en brousse à la disposition des hyènes. Il s’agit alors de conjurer le sort de l’être «inachevé», contrairement à celui qui parvient à franchir une à une toutes les étapes du cycle de vie et qui au moment de sa mort est pris en charge par sa descendance.

Sur le plan esthétique, les Kenyans sont depuis toujours très attachés à des critères de beauté. Chez les Massaïs, cela s’exprime par le perçage des lobes, dans lesquels des disques ou de lourdes boucles d’oreilles sont introduits, ainsi que des perles. Les femmes se parent également de larges colliers, semblables à des plateaux superposés, et portent des bandeaux de perles multicolores. Parfois, elles entourent leurs bras et leurs chevilles de larges bandes de fils de cuivre.
Ils s’enduisent également le corps artistiquement d’ocre, un minéral rouge réduit en poudre fine, avec de la graisse de vache. L’ethnie possède également une grande capacité dans la confection de colliers et de bijoux en perles multicolores, qui sont aujourd’hui très recherchés. Les Massaïs sont également connus pour leur danse tribale guerrière, une sorte de compétition opposant les hommes et pendant laquelle ils doivent sauter le plus haut possible en conservant les pieds joints. Un phénomène qui peut surprendre tant par la souplesse des guerriers que par la gaieté qui l’accompagne.
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