La République Démocratique du Congo est un pays avec un puissant mélange ethnique qui se dépeint dans tous les secteurs. Sur le plan culturel, chaque ethnie possédant une histoire, une évolution et des traditions qui lui sont propres, le résultat n’en est que plus spectaculaire. En effet, que ce soit sur le plan de l’artisanat, de la musique traditionnelle ou de la danse, ce mélange kaléidoscopique qu’est le Congo fait resplendir sous tous les angles la beauté d’une diversité bien assumée.
Malgré de nombreuses années de colonisation belge, de guerre d’indépendance et de guerre civile, le Congo a su garder son authenticité et préserver bon nombre de ses traditions, ainsi que sa culture ancestrale. L’artisanat congolais, peu connu et dévalorisé, est pourtant un art noble qui se développe de plus en plus grâce à la CODEPA (Comité de coordination pour le développement et la promotion de l’artisanat africain). Ce comité rassemble plusieurs pays du continent afin de redonner à l’artisanat africain la place qui lui revient à l’échelle mondiale. Le Congo possède un artisanat unique et de qualité remarquable, attribuable à sa diversité ethnique et à l’étendue de son territoire. Un artisanat composé de pièces uniques avec des représentations sur toutes formes de supports : sculpture, objets décoratifs, bijoux, instruments de musique traditionnels… Les plus remarquables sont les masques et les fétiches, dont la renommée s’étend au-delà du pays, grâce aux nombreuses légendes urbaines et croyances qui les entourent.

L’art congolais a très souvent une fonction religieuse ou sociale et est destiné aux initiés. Une oeuvre s’inscrit dans un contexte magique ou mystique. Elle représente un ensemble culturel significatif que ce soir dans les décors symboliques que sont les devantures des maisons, les tatouages ou les scarifications tribales. Les tributaires du pouvoir ainsi que les masques ou statues représentent des messagers invisibles.

Ces nombreux objets sont travaillés dans des matériaux divers comme le bois, la pierre, les tissus ou l’ivoire. Ils sont considérés comme « vivants » et représentent pour les autochtones une valeur sentimentale, mais aussi spirituelle et font l’objet de culte dans la plupart des ethnies puisqu’ils sont rattachés immuablement au règne des ancêtres. C’est le cas des grands fétiches qui comptent parmi les sculptures les plus impressionnantes de l’art traditionnel congolais. En particulier les célèbres fétiches à clous des peuples Kongo du Bas-Congo ou encore les oracles zoomorphes des Kuba du Kasaï occidental. De nombreux objets se sont ainsi retrouvés au ban de la société colonialiste parce que jugés « mauvais » et « idolâtres » par les missionnaires catholiques. Leur destruction visait aussi à faciliter la propagation du christianisme.

Mais au-delà de cette richesse artisanale ancestrale, le Congo est surtout connu pour ses icônes, qu’elles soient politiques avec le maréchal Mobutu qui renversa le premier président de la République pour se hisser au pouvoir, littéraires avec Léonie Abo ou Charles Djungu-Simba, mais surtout musicales avec des artistes comme Papa Wemba ou Koffi Olomidé, véritables stars contemporaines. La musique congolaise a été propulsée sur la scène mondiale avec « Independance Cha Cha », enregistrée en marge de la table ronde devant décider de l’avenir du Congo belge et qui a remporté un franc succès lors de l’accession à l’indépendance du Zaïre, devenu depuis la République Démocratique du Congo. Les nouvelles sonorités congolaises comme la rumba, chantée en Lingala et inspirée de Cuba, vont devenir progressivement la marque de fabrique du pays, en nous offrant des voix hors du commun. Le style se décline au fil des années pour devenir le soukous puis le ndombolo, avec des pas de danse qui lui sont propres et qui sont repris par de nombreux autres artistes étrangers.

Le style congolais se décline aussi depuis quelques décennies dans un mouvement qui a connu un essor considérable et rejoint un grand nombre d’adeptes : la SAPE (Société des ambianceurs et des personnes élégantes). Cette mode qui consiste à s’habiller de manière « voyante » avec des tenues de luxe pour symboliser l’élégance et le dandysme est quasiment devenue une idéologie. De plus en plus répandu en France et en Belgique où la diaspora congolaise est importante, ce mouvement, qui visait à l’origine à imiter le colon, fait désormais partie de la culture congolaise.
Notre sélection d’artistes à découvrir :
- Papa Wemba : Notre père (2009)
- Fally Ipupa : Power “Kosa Leka” (2013)
- Koffi Olomidé : Abracadabra (2012)
- Lokua Kanza : Nkolo (2010)
- Nathalie Makoma : Dis-moi simplement (2017) – single
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