La diversité artistique de l’Afrique est une notion qui fait l’unanimité et le Cameroun n’est pas en reste. Comme la plupart des pays d’Afrique noire qui ont connu la colonisation, les vestiges des religions ancestrales et des coutumes traditionnelles y perdurent encore, offrant une prodigieuse collection d’œuvres artistiques et de rites qui soulignent l’intensité et l’omniprésence du sacré pour ces peuples. Le Cameroun recèle des milliers d’objets à découvrir pour le plaisir des yeux, mais aussi pour mieux percer à jour ce qui fait l’essence de sa culture.
L’art camerounais traditionnel puise son influence dans les religions et croyances ancestrales ainsi que dans la mythologie des différentes ethnies. La manifestation la plus flagrante de l’expression de ce magnétisme naturel pour le divin est la sculpture. En effet, dans toutes les ethnies du pays, on retrouve les mêmes ascendants avec une expression artistique et un style bien affirmé qui confère à chaque œuvre sa spécificité et qui permet d’en déterminer l’origine.

Les masques camerounais sont de véritables chefs-d’œuvre de sculpture. Taillés dans le bois avant d’être façonnés à l’effigie d’un esprit, d’une divinité ou d’un personnage mythologique, ils sont empreints d’une forte spiritualité et les légendes urbaines vont même jusqu’à leur attribuer des pouvoirs de guérison, de protection ou parfois de malédiction. Bien qu’on les retrouve partout au pays, la palme de la réalisation revient au sud du Cameroun, où ils existent sous une plus grande diversité et où l’expression qui est gravée dans le bois revêt un sens non divulgué. Ainsi, dans la savane, les masques sont habituellement sculptés avec une expression contorsionnée assez effrayante, alors qu’ils sont de forme géométrique dans les régions forestières. Chez les Tikars, ils sont drôles, ce qui a quand même l’avantage de les rendre plus rassurants. Chez les Balis, ils sont généralement représentés avec la forme d’une tête d’éléphant pour le culte des morts. Les plus célèbres et connus à travers le monde sont certainement ceux des ethnies Bamilékés et Bamouns.

L’art bamiléké, réputé pour sa richesse et sa diversité, regorge de magnifiques réalisations : que ce soit les masques, les célèbres bracelets, les statues aux formes arrondies et dodues si représentatives, le travail d’orfèvre à l’aide de cauris qui orne les trônes et les statuettes ou le mobilier original, il est très demandé et est plébiscité par les touristes et les collectionneurs.

L’art bamoun quant à lui est surtout connu pour ses masques en bronze aux formes caractéristiques, servant traditionnellement à chasser les mauvais esprits, les sculptures en bois et les broderies en perles. Les Béti-Fangs du Sud sont également connus pour leurs statuettes à la forme allongée, décorées de laiton, tout comme l’art sculptural du nord, dans la plaine du lac Tchad. On y retrouve la civilisation Sao, qui englobe un grand nombre d’ethnies, réputées pour la manière originale dont ils façonnaient leurs masques en terre cuite, en leur donnant une expression faciale réaliste et en occultant la plupart du temps le corps. Les Peuls eux, sont réputés pour leur travail du cuir, et leurs décors sur les calebasses peintes et gravées.

De nombreux artistes contemporains s’inspirent de cet art traditionnel et nous émerveillent à travers leurs créations. C’est le cas de Joseph Francis Sumégné et de Hako Gaston, peintres et sculpteurs de renom ou encore de Pascale-Marthine Tayou le plasticien autodidacte, dont les œuvres ont été exposées au musée du Louvre en 2011.
Le folklore camerounais est également très riche et de nombreux festivals et cérémonies sont organisés afin de les mettre en valeur. En voici quelques-uns.
Tous les ans :

- Kebouh à Bangou en avril-mai de chaque année. Le Kebouh qui signifie en langue Ngieup « la Danse de la banane » est exécuté par les femmes du village afin de rendre hommage à la banane qui leur a permis d’être dotées. La danse est exécutée en ayant un collier de bananes accroché autour du cou et un arc de cercle d’arachides autour de la tête.
- Fête du Ngondo à Douala : La cérémonie du Ngondo, la fête traditionnelle des Sawa, le Peuple de l’eau… se déroule la première semaine de décembre sur les rives du fleuve le Wouri.
- Fête des Mpoo à Edéa en décembre. Son origine remonte au rite traditionnel de primo-initiation que Nnanga Mbang Ngee a reçu de son père Ngee Nnanga, l’ancêtre éponyme des Mpoo.
- Fête du Achum à Bafut en décembre. Elle est organisée afin de montrer les rites sacrés des membres des sociétés secrètes et de rendre hommage aux ancêtres guerriers.
Tous les 2 ans :

- Festival Medumba à Bangangté pendant lequel sont exposés les créations des artisans locaux. Pendant le festival, des danses traditionnelles sont organisées, ainsi que des lectures de contes et de légendes sur les habitants de la région.
- Fête du Nguon à Foumban : grandes fêtes Bamoun dont la 546e édition a eu lieu en décembre 2016. Le Nguon est une société secrète. À l’origine, une fête des récoltes était organisée pour marquer la fin des activités annuelles du Nguon.
- Festival Nyang Nyang à Bafoussam : ce festival culturel est un rendez-vous traditionnel au cours duquel les jeunes garçons âgés entre 6 et 15 ans sont initiés aux us et coutumes de la chefferie.
- Le Msem Todjom à Bandjoun en novembre ou décembre. C’est un événement culturel au cœur du pays Bamiléké. Le Festival des Arts et de la Culture s’articule autour de nombreuses danses traditionnelles qui expriment l’identité de l’être, dans la culture bamilékée. Ce sont des danses réservées, pour la plupart, aux initiés.
- Cérémonie du Kaing à Baham, qui permet aux garçons de s’affirmer et de leur inculquer l’attachement aux valeurs traditionnelles. Le Kaing doit réveiller l’esprit guerrier en chacun pour qu’il défende son village en tout temps et protège son chef.
- Festival Ngou Nguong à Baleng, qui clôture une période d’épreuves qu’auront subis des jeunes Baleng âgés d’au moins 10 ans. D’après les gardiens de la tradition de ce village du département de la Mifi, sans être une obligation, cette étape est cependant fondamentale pour toute personne qui veut s’affirmer comme partie intégrante de cette communauté.
- Le Nékou à Bamendjinda : Cérémonie biennale de purification et d’exorcisme.
Conscient de ce pouvoir artistique inouï et de l’importance de ce patrimoine, le gouvernement camerounais s’est engagé à protéger les arts en 1974, année durant laquelle fut créé le festival national des Arts et de la Culture. Aujourd’hui, ce festival est malheureusement agonisant au grand dam des acteurs de ce secteur, qui doivent user de toute leur imagination pour éviter que ces trésors hérités des ancêtres ne tombent dans l’oubli, risquant ainsi de nous priver des beautés de cette partie du continent.
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