Les îles du Cap-Vert, tel un amoncellement de pierres précieuses au milieu de l’Atlantique, flottent allégrement en offrant leur exotisme au monde. Situé au large des côtes sénégalaises, le pays est essentiellement volcanique, et forme avec les îles Canaries, les Açores et Madère, l’archipel de la Macaronésie. Composé de 10 îles toutes plus pittoresques les unes que les autres, le Cap-Vert est un diamant brut perdu au milieu de l’océan.
Selon la légende capverdienne, Dieu créa la terre et jeta une poignée restante dans l’Atlantique, ce qui donna naissance aux îles du Cap-Vert. L’île de Fogo, avec son sable noir aux vertus curatives, abrite le point culminant de l’archipel avec le Pico de Fogo, un volcan encore actif qui se dresse à plus de 2800m. Le relief côtier se compose de nombreuses criques désertes, ainsi que de sublimes plages de sable blanc qui se succèdent magnifiquement. La palme revient cependant à celles de Sal, de Baixo de Rocha, de Boa Vista et de Maio.

Les îles Barlavento, au nord, plus exposées au vent et plus fraîches, regroupent Boa Vista, Sal, São Nicolau, Santa Luzia, São Vicente et Santo Antão . Les îles Sotavento, ou îles sous le vent, car moins exposés au vent, sont composées de Brava, Fogo, Santiago et Maio.
Sur l’île de São Nicolau, des paysages idylliques, véritables écosystèmes préservés, s’offrent au regard. De gigantesques dragonniers se dressent fièrement dans la vallée de Cachaço, au Monte Gordo, où foisonnent plus de 46 espèces de plantes et de fleurs. Impossible de rester indifférent devant une nature aussi luxuriante.

La préservation de la nature endémique de l’île se veut un véritable enjeu écologique. Quatre parcs nationaux existent donc sur l’île de Fogo (Monte Velha), sur l’île de Santiago (Sierra Malagueta), sur l’île de São Vicente (Monte Verde) et sur l’île de São Nicolau (Monte Gordo). Avec une faune marine particulièrement luxuriante du fait des conditions maritimes plus que favorables, le Cap-Vert semble être un véritable écrin qui réunit les espèces les plus rares du continent. Les squales, dauphins, poissons-perroquets, carpes rouges, badèches, mérous, murènes, carangues blanches ou noires, cabots, liches, bonites, marlins, espadons, cachalots, orques, baleines et diverses variétés de requins comme le dormeur, sont autant d’espèces qui peuplent les profondeurs abyssales des eaux de l’archipel.

Les Cap-Verdiens, peuple issu d’un métissage intercontinental au passé douloureux, gardent encore aujourd’hui les stigmates de ces siècles de migrations et de déportations. Le peuplement de l’archipel commence avec l’arrivée des premiers colons portugais, vers la fin du XVe siècle, suivis des esclaves amenés de force des côtes ouest-africaines, du Sénégal à la Sierra Leone. Du fait de la rudesse du climat, l’île fut pendant longtemps un territoire secondaire, relégué au rang de terre des déportés. La population est essentiellement originaire de Guinée : Mandingue, Mandjaque, Pepel, Bambara, Balante, Banhun, Bolola, Peul, mais aussi Wolof. Au fil des siècles, le métissage prend le dessus avec les descendants des femmes esclaves et des colons portugais. Les Anglais, les Indiens de la colonie portugaise de Goa, les Français et des marins du monde entier sont venus s’ajouter par la suite.
Souvent synonyme de richesse, le métissage du peuple capverdien offre une véritable mosaïque de traits à la beauté étonnante. Chaque île possède des particularités suivant les types de populations qui y ont résidé. Ce métissage se dévoile aussi linguistiquement avec le «criolo» ou créole, qui est un savant mélange de portugais et de dialectes africains, qui a permis aux esclaves originaires de toute l’Afrique et aux peuples venus de tous les horizons de se comprendre.
C’est une langue qui se sert de mots portugais maladroitement prononcés, teintée de mots empruntés aux langues d’Afrique noire. Exprimant ainsi à travers le langage et le métissage, toute l’histoire et la souffrance d’un peuple.
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