Les pyramides, le Nil, les hiéroglyphes… des mots qui évoquent le pays des pharaons. Mythique, historique, paradisiaque et féérique, l’Égypte est une terre riche d’histoire. Un peuple d’érudits, une page de l’Afrique et de l’humanité tout entière, l’Égypte a gravé son empreinte dans le marbre de l’histoire et a dominé l’Antiquité.
Longée par la mer Méditerranée au nord et par la mer Rouge à l’est, l’Égypte est un immense territoire désertique, à cheval sur les continents africain et asiatique. Traversée par le Nil, qui irrigue le pays sur toute sa longueur, avec le lac Nasser qui en retient les eaux avant de se jeter dans la Méditerranée, l’Égypte profite des avantages de cette source intarissable qui est à l’origine de sa grandeur.
Tel un prolongement du Sahara, le désert libyque couvre la majeure partie du territoire égyptien avec ses dunes à perte de vue et de vastes plaines. Les dépressions creusées à certains endroits, ainsi que les sources d’eau qui les alimentent sont à l’origine d’un chapelet d’oasis sur toute la surface du désert : Siwa, Wadi Natroun, Fayoum, Bahareyya, Farafra, Dakhla et Kharga. Du côté est du Nil, le désert arabique rejoint le continent africain en bordant la mer rouge ainsi que le golfe de Suez. Son relief escarpé est composé de pics et de falaises culminant à plus de 2000 mètres d’altitude. Le désert du Sinaï, prolongeant le désert arabique au niveau de l’isthme de Suez, comprend, outre ses nombreux plateaux sablonneux, le mont Sinaï et ses 2642 mètres d’altitude et le mont Sainte-Catherine. Le désert de Nubie, quant à lui, s’étend à perte de vue avec ses dunes et ses plaines de sable.

L’Égypte, c’est aussi et surtout son panorama historique, de la vallée des Rois, sur la rive gauche du Nil, à Abou Simbel en passant par Alexandrie, Louxor, le sphinx de Gizeh, les pyramides de Khéops et Mikérinos. La sensation de voyager à travers le temps est saisissante. À vol d’oiseau, les nombreuses pyramides à l’architecture pharaonique se dressent tels des minarets pointés vers le ciel. Le poids de l’histoire se ressent à fleur de peau. Tout est fait pour rappeler la grandeur du pays et la richesse de son patrimoine historique.
Le Nil, long de 6500 km, prend en réalité sa source dans deux lacs : Victoria, situé à cheval sur le Kenya, l’Ouganda et la Tanzanie, donnant ainsi naissance au Nil blanc, et le Tana, situé en Éthiopie, qui forme le Nil bleu. Le fleuve est aussi composé d’une multitude de petites ramifications qui se croisent et se chevauchent dans tous les pays limitrophes, formant des lacs et des chutes magnifiques comme celles de Tissisat, qui signifie “eaux fumantes ” en éthiopien.

L’Égypte grouille de milliers d’espèces animales qui évoluent pour la plupart dans l’environnement favorable du désert, mais pour certaines dans les parcs nationaux créés afin de protéger la majeure partie des espèces menacées d’extinction. On en dénombre 29 sur le territoire dont les plus remarquables sont :
La réserve de Nabq, située à 35 km au nord de Charm el-Cheikh, comprend des espèces protégées de coraux et de mangroves, ainsi que 134 espèces végétales, en plus des oryx, des gazelles et des hérons.
Ras Abou Galoum, au nord-est du Sud Sinaï, près du golfe d’Aqaba, où 167 espèces végétales, dont 44 spécifiques à cette réserve, poussent. On y trouve des hyènes, des oryx, des cobras noirs et des vipères à cornes.
Ras Mohammed, situé dans le golfe d’Aqaba, où l’on retrouve 200 espèces de coraux, 1000 variétés de poissons 150 variétés de crustacés, des tortues vertes, des arbustes mangroves, des gazelles dorcas, des bouquetins de Nubie ou encore des fennecs.
La réserve naturelle de Sainte-Catherine, qui s’étend sur 5700 km² autour du mont Sainte-Catherine et du mont Moïse, contient également de nombreuses espèces préservées florales et animales comme le cobra, les geckos, les renards du désert, les léopards du Sinaï, l’oryx des montagnes, la gazelle dorcas et la panthère.
La réserve Taba, située dans le golfe d’Aqaba, couvre 3590 km². Y sont répertoriés plus de 25 espèces de mammifères, 50 espèces d’oiseaux locaux et 20 espèces de reptiles.
La Réserve Elba, située à la pointe est du territoire égyptien, est un parc de 35 600 km², qui comprend 22 îles, des récifs coralliens et un écosystème de mangroves. On y retrouve également des autruches.
Le Lac Qaroun, le plus grand des lacs naturels d’Égypte, dont la profondeur varie de 5 à 12 mètres.
La réserve Wadi Rayan, située dans le Fayoum, couvre 792 km². Elle comprend le lac supérieur, le lac inférieur, les chutes d’eau qui les joignent ainsi que d’innombrables sources naturelles. La faune est constituée de gazelles, de fennecs, de reptiles et d’oiseaux migrateurs.
Le désert égyptien comprend également de nombreux paysages variés en fonction de la zone du pays où l’on se trouve comme :
L’oasis El Wahat el-Bahareya, situé à 370 km au sud du Caire.
Le désert noir, situé entre Bahareya et Farafra, composé de fer et de manganèse, dont les minéraux sont noirs.
Les grottes de Sannour, une zone protégée située à 10 km au sud-est de Beni Soueif. Elle abrite 54 grottes naturelles d’un grand intérêt géologique, certaines pouvant atteindre 15 m de profondeur.
Les îles du Nil, qui sont considérées comme une réserve naturelle, avec 144 îles du delta à Assouan.
Saluga el-Ghazal, qui est située à 3 km au nord d’Assouan, sur une île où sont protégées 94 espèces d’arbustes qui existaient au temps des pharaons. 60 espèces d’oiseaux y ont élu domicile.
La réserve Wadi Alaqi, située sur les bords du lac Nasser, s’étale sur 30 000 km² et est classée au rang de biosphère. La faune qui y vit est constituée de vipères extrêmement venimeuses et de nombreux invertébrés.
L’Égypte a longtemps séduit les hommes et les femmes du monde entier et révèle encore aujourd’hui les secrets de cette magnifique civilisation qui a été à l’origine de la plupart des bouleversements de l’Antiquité et de l’histoire de l’humanité.
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