Kouré, à 60 km à l’est de Niamey. Object volant non identifié.
Mais quel est cet étrange oiseau qui survole la tête des girafes ?
Ce petit drone hexacoptère, équipé d’une caméra, a pour mission d’aller photographier et filmer les troupeaux de girafes blanches du Niger. C’est avec le projet « Réserve de biosphère transfrontalière de la région W-Arly-Pendjari », financé par la coopération allemande (BMZ) et mise en œuvre par la GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit) que la société nigérienne Drone Africa Service a testée les systèmes de drones civils pour contribuer au suivi écologique de la girafe et de son environnement dans la zone de Kouré.
En Afrique de l’Ouest, les dernières populations de l’espèce endémique « Giraffa camelopardalis peralta » se trouvent au Niger, dans la zone des plateaux de Kouré et du Dallol Bosso, couvrant plus de 1 700 km2. Cette population de girafes fut particulièrement menacée par la disparition de son habitat – la brousse tigrée – détruite au profit de l’agriculture des populations locales, mais également par les changements climatiques, notamment les sécheresses, ainsi que par le braconnage. Ces phénomènes ont réduit les pâturages disponibles, fait disparaître les points d’eau et ainsi contribué à la disparition de l’espèce, autrefois présente par milliers, au Niger, au Sénégal, mais également en Mauritanie, au Mali ou au Nigeria. Dans les années 90, on ne recensait plus qu’une cinquantaine d’entre elles sur une superficie de 840 km2.
Destinées à disparaître, les girafes du Niger ont survécu grâce aux efforts de la population locale, du gouvernement et de l’appui de divers projets comme ceux de l’Association de Sauvegarde des Girafes du Niger (ASGN), de l’Association pour la Valorisation de l’Écotourisme au Niger (AVEN) et, plus récemment, de la Giraffe Conservation Foundation et du Sahara Conservation Fund. Consciente de la nécessité de disposer de données fiables sur l’espèce afin de mieux la préserver, la Direction de la Faune, de la Chasse et des Aires protégées a entrepris plusieurs actions, notamment la formation de guides, l’identification et la formation des informateurs locaux pour un suivi écologique de proximité ainsi que le dénombrement.

Utilisée jusque là, la méthode traditionnelle de comptage des individus consiste en un recensement à pied par les équipes de sauvegarde et de préservation. Les girafes sont suivies individuellement par la technique de photo reconnaissance. Les tâches sur leurs flancs, uniques et propres à chaque individu, sont photographiées et comparées une à une. Les coordonnées GPS sont également relevées par les équipes pour déterminer la position exacte des mammifères. Cette méthode est soumise à diverses contraintes, que ce soit le suivi à pied des troupeaux en mouvement, la qualité de la prise des photos ou encore la comparaison visuelle des clichés pour le recensement exhaustif annuel.
Par la prise d’images aériennes et de vidéos, la technique drone facilite le comptage et le suivi écologique de l’espèce. L’accès aux zones difficiles est plus aisé qu’à pied et la prise de photos se fait simultanément avec la détermination de la position GPS en temps réel. La prise de vues aériennes permet également de réaliser des cartographies et des analyses évolutives sur l’état de la végétation, afin de mieux gérer les espaces pour une meilleure mise en valeur de l’environnement.
Cette technique, testée pour évaluer le potentiel des systèmes drones, a fourni des résultats très prometteurs. Elle devrait prochainement s’étendre sur l’ensemble de la zone d’habitat des girafes et être dupliquée, dans le cadre d’autres projets de préservation et de gestion durable des aires et des espèces protégées.
Selon le dernier recensement de 2017, les girafes blanches sont estimées à 607.
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